#607

For those not yet convinced, one more MR, by the great Sara Hägg: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian randomization study 2019

None of the genetically predicted PUFAs was significantly associated with AD risk; odds ratios (95% confidence interval) per 1 SD increase in PUFA levels were 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) for linoleic acid, 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) for arachidonic acid, 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) for alpha-linolenic acid, 1.03 (0.93, 1.13) for eicosapentaenoic acid, 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) for docosapentaenoic acid, and 1.01 (0.81, 1.25) for docosahexaenoic acid.
This study did not support the hypothesis that PUFAs decrease AD risk.

And @Neo one more MR for CVD: Role of circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases risk: analysis using Mendelian randomization and fatty acid genetic association data from over 114,000 UK Biobank participants 2022

Higher genetically predicted DHA (and total omega-3 fatty acids) concentration was related to higher risk of some cardiovascular endpoints; however, these findings did not pass our criteria for multiple testing correction and were attenuated when accounting for LDL-cholesterol through multivariable Mendelian randomization or excluding SNPs in the vicinity of the FADS locus.
We have conducted the largest GWAS of circulating PUFA to date and the most comprehensive Mendelian randomization analyses. Overall, our Mendelian randomization findings do not support a protective role of circulating PUFA concentration on the risk of CVDs. However, horizontal pleiotropy via lipoprotein-related traits could be a key source of bias in our analyses.

2 Likes
#608

The issue goes beyond supplementing with DHA only. Any kind of DHA supplementation seems detrimental, as dietary DHA downregulates DHA biosynthesis, inhibits EPA elongation, and blunts the benefits of EPA: Predicting Alzheimers & Dementia (and minimizing risk) - #569 by CronosTempi

This is confirmed by: Higher docosahexaenoic acid levels lower the protective impact of eicosapentaenoic acid on long-term major cardiovascular events 2023

Conclusions: Higher levels of EPA, but not DHA, are associated with a lower risk of MACE. When combined with EPA, higher DHA blunts the benefit of EPA and is associated with a higher risk of MACE in the presence of low EPA. These findings can help explain the discrepant results of EPA-only and EPA/DHA mixed clinical supplementation trials.

Paper from Stanford + University of California San Diego + University of Utah.

image
image1024×1536 99.6 KB

3 Likes
Dr. Rhonda Patrick - Omega 3 is The Only Supplement that ACTUALLY Increases Lifespan
#609

Which supplements would you use for EPA? @adssx

#610

Those: Predicting Alzheimers & Dementia (and minimizing risk) - #593 by adssx

But I stopped taking EPA for neuroprotection as it seems of low value. (There was also one low-quality Mendelian randomization study that found a statistically non-significant increase in PD risk with EPA so I prefer to err on the side of caution…)

2 Likes
#612

But the study you linked said it doesn’t:

Study Results

There was no beneficial effect of treatment with omega-3 PUFAs compared to placebo; the rate of transition over 2 years did not differ between treatment arms nor was there a difference in change in symptom severity after 6-month treatment. Dropout rates and serious adverse events were similar across the groups.

Conclusions

This is the third study that fails to replicate the original finding on the protective effect of omega-3 PUFAs in UHR subjects for transition to psychosis. The accumulating evidence therefore suggests that omega-3 PUFAs do not reduce transition rates to psychosis in those at increased risk at 2 years follow-up.

4 Likes
#613

Yet another total lose for the overrated omega 3.

4 Likes
#614

I am wondering if an even higher EPA:DHA ratio would make a difference or just skip the fish oil altogether?

2 Likes
#615

Avoiding DHA now seems obvious to me.

What about EPA? If you can find high-quality EPA-only supplements (or better: pharma-grade Vaskepa) then 500 mg per day might be a safe bet for mental health + CVD.

But I think the safest bet is just to eat more fish.

5 Likes
#616

This one is for you, because in France:

Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid is inversely associated with severity of depressive symptomatology in the elderly: data from the Bordeaux sample of the Three-City Study

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523236060?via%3Dihub

Not a super relevant study if you look at the cohort - elderly women single/widowed, low SE status, on antidepressants. Not like most people on these boards. Still, they could only find an EPA signal, no DHA. That’s the best I could find from the Bordeaux region.

Why was I looking at France? Because of this:

Mental health: France, the most depressed country in Europe according to a study

When in France, I often found myself in Cannes for work reasons, and I liked to take the opportunity to travel around the whole region. I was frequently struck by how glum people seemed compared to the people in Paris. So now I started to wonder about the dramatic regional differences in depression levels with very low levels in f.ex. Cyprus compared to France, but I wondered about regional differences in France itself. Are people more depressed in Bordeaux than Paris.

1 Like
#617

Yes the data in favor of EPA for depression is fairly good (RCT + MR + association studies).

Entrevue is the French equivalent of TMZ (tabloid/gossip/scandal) + Maxim (naked women on the cover) combined. So not the highest quality in terms of source :wink:

The prevalence of depression in France seems lower than in the US and the rest of Europe according to the WHO: Estimated population-based prevalence of depression

But this other source says it’s the highest in Europe indeed: This country is the most depressed in Europe. How does yours compare? | Euronews

I haven’t noticed that French people were more or less depressed than others. I haven’t noticed regional differences, either. But this map is aligned with your impression with way higher rates in PACA (around Cannes) than in IDF (Paris): Quelles sont les régions de France les plus déprimées ? - ladepeche.fr

Especially among men: https://www.femmeactuelle.fr/sante/news-sante/region-francaise-souffre-le-plus-troubles-psychiatriques-38548

In 2021 they found the opposite though (Paris more depressed than Cannes), although maybe during the pandemic it was better for mental health to be close to the sea than in a big dense city? Article - Bulletin épidémiologique hebdomadaire

4 Likes
#618

Yes, I think the pandemic really disrupted depression data everywhere, so I usually deprecate that period. But ok, I take your word for it, that you didn’t notice any regional differences. Maybe because I’m in France usually just once a year for the film festival, I tend to notice differences I wouldn’t perceive if living there constantly (I lived in Paris for a couple of years in the 80’s, though, ancient times probably before you were born, a different world!). I fly into Paris, stay for a few days, then fly to Nice and go to Cannes. That’s how I compare Paris people to the people around Cannes, but of course could be my subjective wrong impression. Clearly you have a different impression.

1 Like
#619

DHA can play important roles in brain physiology without necessarily increasing the volume of the hippocampus or of any other brain region. It could be essential as a building block of normal sized and normal functioning brain regions. The much increased demands during pregnancy seem to suggest as much. Proteins get cycled over for all cells all the time. Fat membranes probably do too so you need the building blocks in adequate supply.

Even rapamycin increasing hippocampal volume doesn’t seem like necessarily a gift with no strings attached as, from what I read, comes with synaptic density loss.

Again for cognition, it doesn’t need to act as a nootropic to support cognition. It might just be the type of oil to keep the engine running instead of giving you an engine upgrade — as the increased hippocampal volume might be considered analogous to.

What you said was that the study proved DHA to be useless for cognition when it shows no such thing, with all the signals pointing in the opposite direction. Earlier in the thread you said it doesn’t even penetrate the brains of apoE4 carriers based on mice data. But the study in humans showed that indeed it does. So that’s not a problem either.

It is very interesting how exogenous supplementation seems to down regulate endogenous supply but there’s many ways to look at that. One obvious possible interpretation is that DHA is so important to the body that in the absence of exogenous supply the body will make some of its own. That doesn’t mean it will make it at rates optimal for longevity or cognition. I’m sure the body follows its own economics in allocating scarce resources. The synthesis might be costly so it stops once adequate outside supplementation is secured.

Plasmalogen supply has this self regulating feedback loop too, with exogenous supply limiting endogenous synthesis. That doesn’t mean supplementing with them is useless. I feel the effects of supplementation pretty clearly first hand.

It can also be that at some point in later life for apoE4 carriers the negative feedback loop turns into a positive feedback loop, with chronic absence of DHA leading to the breakdown of machinery that would synthesize it internally or be responsible for its transport past the BBB so the poor get poorer and, as data shows, DHA supplementation being useless at increasing brain levels of DHA once Alzheimer’s has kicked in.

At any rate this is speculative and complicated but your conclusion that DHA is useless for cognition especially for apoE4 carriers doesn’t seem warranted.

1 Like
#620

RCT and MR found nothing (see: Vitamin O (Omega 3) for athletes - #4 by adssx ).

If it was about a long exposure before dementia onset, then surely this should be captured by MR studies?

Do vegans live shorter or have more AD? Did DHA supplementation increase mice lifespan in the ITP?

So: what is the evidence in favor of DHA supplementation? Association studies (even those favor EPA)? Or some mechanistic hypothesis? That’s quite weak.

2 Likes
#621

Paper:

Potential benefits of kefir and its compounds on Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review

This systematic review, conducted in January 2024, examined the effects of kefir in both in vivo animal models and human patients with neurodegenerative conditions. The review was based on studies retrieved from BVS, Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Seven studies were included, involving invertebrates, murine models, and human participants. In animal models, the primary outcomes were antioxidant effects, reduced beta-amyloid deposition, and attenuation of vascular damage and neurodegeneration. In human studies, kefir supplementation resulted in decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative proteins, and was associated with improvements in memory. Given its potential benefits, kefir could serve as a valuable adjunct to conventional treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, warranting further investigation in clinical settings.

Paywalled review paper:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949834125000133

2 Likes
#622

Regarding fish, this paper (Omega-3 and Risk of atrial fibrillation: Vagally-mediated double-edged sword) concludes that “Higher consumption of dietary omega-3 is associated with decreased AF risk. In contrast, pharmaceutical dosing of omega-3 increases AF in a dose-dependent manner, which may be mediated by vagal tone.”

The RCTs reported that treatment with DHA and/or EPA was associated with a 24 % increased relative risk of AF (absolute risk 4.0 % vs 3.3 %; relative risk [RR] 1.24, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.11–1.38, p = 0.0002). This was dose-dependent; DHA + EPA doses of ∼1000 mg/d increased AF risk ∼12 %, whereas 1800 to 4000 mg/d increased AF risk by ∼50 %. In contrast, observational studies focused on DHA + EPA blood levels or dietary intake have generally reported that higher omega-3 levels/consumption are associated with lower AF risk. Maximal AF risk reduction. (12 %) occurred at ∼650 mg/d of dietary DHA + EPA. Other studies have indicated that omega-3 fatty acids can dose-dependently increase vagal tone, which could explain the biphasic relationship between DHA + EPA and AF risk. Experimental studies show that low-level vagal stimulation decreases risk of AF, whereas high-level vagal stimulation increases risk of AF.

So, yes, @Neo: eating fish is good, while supplementation might be risky. (Paper by Bill Harris btw @约瑟夫_拉维尔.)

2 Likes
#623

Btw - as we just looked at a lot of MR omega 3 data, I thought I’d share the below with people to help out those in context in this specific case:

I quickly discussed whether MR instruments for omega 3 are good with 4o, and this seems like a case where the instruments are not that good and hence MR may not be that valuable, for example outputs from 4o:

Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS), such as those from the UK Biobank and CHARGE consortium, have identified SNPs associated with plasma or red blood cell levels of EPA and DHA. However, these SNPs typically explain only a small proportion of variance in fatty acid levels (e.g., ~1-5%).

Pleiotropy Risk: Variants in FADS1/FADS2 influence both omega-3 and omega-6 pathways, complicating causal inference.

In cases where the instruments are great (clear, explain large portion of the variance) MR analysis can be the most amazing sets of evidence. Here it may bot be the case that instruments are reliable though.

And especially not for DHA

Instruments tend to be stronger for EPA than for DHA, likely due to more consistent GWAS associations.

Btw - I haven’t looked at the studies, but does seem like the inflammation benefits still is picked up:

Some MR studies show modest protective associations with inflammation markers (e.g., CRP), but these need replication.

Her is 4o’s conclusion

Mendelian randomization instruments for EPA and DHA are valid but modest in strength, especially compared to other traits like LDL or BMI. They’re useful for triangulating evidence, but limited power and pleiotropy must be carefully considered. For targeted questions (e.g., DHA and cognitive aging), stronger instruments or well-powered GWAS may still be needed.

2 Likes
How much omega-3 do you need?
#624

For those in US

not sure if it’s temporary or not, but goodrx has

big discount on this right now (more than 3/4ths off)

IMG_0359
IMG_03591179×1089 86.5 KB

IMG_0360
IMG_03601179×2379 144 KB

https://www.goodrx.com/vascepa?label_override=vascepa&form=capsule&dosage=1g&quantity=120&drugId=36935

2 Likes
#625

I agree with you. MR studies are only as good as the proxies they use.
The other issue are the confounders which can be very strong especially for something like EPA/DHA which are very popular supplements as well as found in the diet.
Weak instruments and strong confounders will produce meaningless outcomes.

1 Like
#626

Alzheimer Prevention Talks: A Conversation with an Alzheimer’s Expert

Virtual Event: Wednesday, Apr. 16 7:00–7:30pm ET / 4:00–4:30pm PT

Don’t miss the inaugural Alzheimer Prevention Talks: APT Webstudy Webinar featuring world-renowned Alzheimer’s expert and Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute Director, Dr. Paul Aisen, in conversation with a clinical trial participant spokesperson discussing the latest changes to the APT Webstudy, updates on the state of Alzheimer’s research, and much more. This webinar series is designed to keep APT Webstudy participants informed about how their participation is advancing the field of Alzheimer’s research.

If you have any friends or family that may be interested in learning about the importance of participation in Alzheimer’s research, please feel free to share this invitation with them.

What:

  • Updates on the APT Webstudy, including current progress and upcoming changes affecting participation;
  • Why your ongoing participation is vital;
  • Other new developments in Alzheimer’s research that are of interest; and more.

Who:

  • Guest Presenter: Dr. Paul Aisen—Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute; Director
  • Guest Host: Lupe Morales—APT Webstudy; Co-Chair of the ACTC Research Partnership Alliance

When:

Wednesday, Apr. 16, 2025
7:00–7:30pm ET / 4:00–4:30pm PT

Register here

3 Likes
#627

While this all may be true about MRs, when the RCTs are also in the same direction (negative), hard to ignore the preponderance of evidence here.

1 Like