What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are a type of medicine used in infections to remove bacteria or prevent them from multiplying.
Are there different types of antibiotics?
Yes, there are many different types of antibiotics. They can also be called antibiotic classes. Antibiotics are usually divided into narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum antibiotics. A narrow-spectrum antibiotic only helps against certain types of bacteria, while broad-spectrum antibiotics can fight many more types of bacteria.
Are penicillin and antibiotics the same thing?
In everyday speech, antibiotics are often called penicillin, but this is only one of the many types that exist. Penicillin belongs to the type of narrow-spectrum antibiotics and is also slightly less harmful to the body’s own bacterial flora (normal flora).
Why don’t we treat all infections with broad-spectrum antibiotics?
In Sweden, we have a long-standing tradition of using penicillin primarily for respiratory tract infections. This has certainly contributed to us being in a fairly good position in terms of antibiotic resistance, compared to the rest of the world.
In the rest of the world, broad-spectrum antibiotics are often used, which affect the normal flora to a much greater extent.
Do antibiotics help against colds and flu?
No, colds with coughs, runny noses and sore throats are caused by viruses. Antibiotics do not help at all against viruses.
Are there infections with bacteria that do not need to be treated with antibiotics?
Yes, some infections heal just as quickly without antibiotics even though they are caused by bacteria. An example of this is most ear infections in children and other upper respiratory tract infections, such as coughs, runny noses and sore throats.
I want to get well as quickly as possible when I’m sick. Can antibiotics make me get better faster?
Yes, in the case of certain infections, you can get well a little faster with antibiotics, even if the infection is harmless and in most cases heals by itself. Examples of this are strep throat and lower urinary tract infection in women who are not pregnant. Against these infections, antibiotics are often given to relieve the symptoms and contribute to a faster recovery. But in many cases the duration of the illness is only shortened by a few days.
What is resistance?
Resistance means resilience. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics, and then the medicine against the bacteria no longer helps.
How are antibiotic use and resistance related?
The more antibiotics we use, the more resistant bacteria we get. The bacteria that survive the antibiotic get the opportunity to grow and spread when other bacteria have been knocked out.
If I have received a lot of antibiotics in my life, could I have become resistant to antibiotics?
No, a patient receiving antibiotics cannot become resistant, but the bacteria can. But the risk of becoming a carrier of resistant bacteria increases when you use antibiotics. If you then get sick from these bacteria, the infection can be more difficult to treat.
Can antibiotics do harm?
Yes, in several ways. Overuse of antibiotics increases the risk of becoming a carrier of resistant bacteria in, for example, the intestine. Antibiotics also disrupt the normal, friendly bacterial flora in the gut, on the skin, in the abdomen and in the throat. This can make you more susceptible to more infections. Many also get side effects from antibiotics, such as diarrhoea, skin rashes and fungal infections in the genital area.
I have a cold and will be traveling away in a week. Can I get antibiotics just to be safe so the disease doesn’t get worse?
Antibiotics do not help with colds. You won’t get well any faster. However, you risk getting diarrhea, increased risk of resistant bacteria and increased susceptibility to new infections.
When I was abroad, I received antibiotics for a severe cold. Why can’t I get it in Sweden?
In Sweden, we do not treat colds with antibiotics at all. In the past, for example, long-term troublesome coughs were treated with antibiotics in Sweden as well. Research has shown that this does not speed recovery.